What is a common effect of negative reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement is a fundamental concept in behavior theory, particularly in the context of operant conditioning. It involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a desired behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. For instance, if a dog is exposed to a loud noise and learns that by sitting quietly, the noise stops, the removal of the noise serves as a negative reinforcement. This reinforces the behavior of sitting quietly because the dog associates it with the relief from the discomfort.

Thus, the correct answer highlights that negative reinforcement effectively strengthens behaviors by providing a consequence that leads to the cessation of something undesirable. In contrast, decreases in behavior likelihood or confusion do not appropriately capture the reinforcing aspect of this concept, as negative reinforcement aims to promote specific actions by removing negative stimuli rather than causing confusion or having no effect.