Which behaviors are part of agonistic behavior in animals?

Agonistic behavior in animals encompasses interactions related to conflict, including aggression and submissions that arise in various social situations, especially when establishing dominance or territory. The correct choice emphasizes two key components: submission and defensive threats.

Submission behavior might include postures or actions indicating that an animal is yielding to a more dominant individual, which can help prevent physical confrontation. Conversely, defensive threats serve as warnings to deter potential aggressors by displaying strength or readiness to engage. These behaviors serve crucial roles in social hierarchies and conflict resolution among species, highlighting the importance of both aggression and submissive actions in animal dynamics.

In contrast, the other choices represent behaviors not directly aligned with agonistic interactions. Playfulness and affection, grooming and comfort-seeking, and exploration and investigation represent more benign or exploratory behaviors that foster social bonds or meet basic needs, rather than directly relating to conflict or competitive situations.