Which of the following is considered a form of behavioral conditioning?

Operant conditioning is a fundamental concept in behavioral conditioning, where an animal learns to associate specific behaviors with consequences. This form of conditioning involves the use of reinforcement (which increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated) or punishment (which decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated). It is based on the principle that behavior can be shaped by its results; for instance, a dog may learn to sit on command if it receives a treat as a reward for doing so.

In contrast, social learning refers to learning that occurs by observing and imitating others, which does not necessarily involve direct reinforcement or punishment. Instinctual behavior refers to innate responses that animals are born with, which do not involve learning through conditioning. Cognitive behavior pertains to mental processes involved in perception, memory, and problem-solving, rather than the learned behaviors tied to reinforcement or punishment.

Thus, operant conditioning distinctly represents a structured approach to behavioral modification through consequences, making it the correct choice in this context.